作　者：陈治国
关键词：德性论； 社会正义； 契约论； 先秦儒学； 古希腊哲学
摘　要：

 在通达社会正义的路径选择上，苏格拉底—柏拉图和孔子儒学都坚持，要由作为个体德性的正义或仁进展到国家政治层面的社会正义或“仁道之治”，这种德性论进路明显不同于契约论方案。不过，对苏格拉底而言，相对于德性主权的完善正义，基于公众契约的民主政治制度提供了不完善但可以有条件地部分接受的社会正义形式。在柏拉图那里，基于其更为完备的灵魂理论、理型论等学说的综合运用，他对契约论方案表达了一种更为激烈和彻底的批判态度，不仅因为单纯被欲望或激情控制的一般民众没有达成任何契约的实质能力，而且源于他们缺乏关于一切事物——尤其是善的理型——的真正知识以及对知识的真正追求能力。对孔子儒学来说，受制于自然与社会的连续互动、个体形象的特殊定位、对强约束法律制度的无兴趣以及周代特有的政治文化传统等哲学观念和历史条件的影响，任何政治形式的契约论思路基本上没有机会进入孔子儒学的理论视野。而追求正义或求仁过程中各有千秋的哲学立场和进路实质上体现了各自不同的深层思想动因，即“活得好”或“好好地活”。

 Blindness,Approval or Refusal:Virtue Theory and the Contractarianism Approach to Social Justice

CHEN Zhiguo （Shandong University）

Abstract:As regards the approach to social justice,both Socrates/Plato and Confucius hold that,it is through personal justice of virtue that social justice or rule by excellence (ren)  could be realized at the state level.This is significantly different from the contract theory.For Socrates,however,relative to perfect justice under the condition of sovereignty of virtue,the form of social justice provided by democratic political system based on the public contract could be conditionally and partly accepted in spite of its imperfectness.In Plato,he expressed more drastic and thorough criticism on the contract theory by his comprehensive application of the theory of soul and idea.It is not only that the general public who merely are caught in desire or passion couldn’t reach any agreement,but that they lack of real knowledge about everything,especially about the idea of the good,and true pursuit for knowledge.For Confucius,based on radical influence from some philosophical ideas and historical conditions,such as the continuous interaction of nature and society,the special position of individual image,having no interest in strong constraint from legal system and the political cultural tradition in Zhou dynasty,any form of contract theory has no opportunity to enter into Confucian political vision in a sense.And these different philosophical positions in pursuit of justice or excellence (ren) essentially embody the different deep thinking motivations,namely “living well” or “properly living”.

Key words:virtue theory; social justice; contract theory;Pre-Qin Confucianism; Greek philosophy

 

 

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