作　者：甘绍平
关键词：利他主义；情感主义；制度设计；行为激励
摘　要：

一种适用于广博的陌生人社会、对每一个人都平等有效且不受空间或情感距离影响的稳定持久的利他主义，即能够体现道德原则普遍性特质的利他主义，不能奠立在缺乏坚定性、稳定性和可靠度的情感主义的基础之上，也不能表现为行为主体纯粹单方面的无私付出——所谓极端理解的利他主义。在宏大的匿名环境里，善意、仁爱、团结的利他主义倾向往往并不呈现在作为个体的行为主体直接的行为动机上，而是渗透在作为社会框架性条件的有控制系统和制裁机制的制度设计里，体现在能够使善好的道德意图转化为对逐利的战略性举措的行为激励上。这样一种对等性利他主义，能够产生出人际互相的行为期待的可靠性，让道德的规范性依靠制度和激励走入现实并发挥其应有的效力。

 

The Status of Altruism in Modern Ethics

Gan Shaoping（Chinese Academy of Social Sciences）

Abstract A stable and enduring altruism that applies to a broad society of strangers, is equally effective for everyone and is not affected by spatial or emotional distance, that is, an altruism that embodies the universal character of moral principles, cannot be based on emotionalism that lacks firmness, stability and reliability, it cannot be expressed as a purely unilateral selfless contribution of the actor-the so-called extreme understanding of altruism. In the grand anonymous environment, the altruistic tendencies of goodwill, benevolence and solidarity often do not appear in the direct behavioral motives of individual actors, but rather permeate the institutional design of control systems and sanctions mechanisms as social framework conditions, reflected in the behavioral incentives that can transform good moral intentions into strategic actions for profit. Such a kind of reciprocal altruism can produce the reliability of interpersonal mutual behavior expectations, and let the moral norms come into reality and exert their due effectiveness by relying on systems and incentives.

Key words altruism; emotionalism; institutional design; behavior motivation

 

■作者简介 甘绍平，中国社会科学院大学哲学院教授，中国社会科学院哲学研究所研究员，北京 100732。

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