作　者：包大为
关键词：平民；政治伦理；平等主义；意识形态
摘　要：

 在马克思恩格斯建构历史唯物主义的过程中，“平民”是一个跨越古代社会和近代社会的阶级范畴。在不同的文本中，“平民”概念之所以成为客观呈现阶级社会及其意识形态斗争演变的重要视角，是因为平民既不是农民也不是市民，而是一种前工业社会接近无产者的群体及其存在状态。在古代社会，作为没有完整身份的被压迫群体，平民本能的反抗行动和平等主义诉求，推动着古代社会的政治制度不断向世俗的政治演进。在近代社会， 由于松散的阶级状况和尚未统一的阶级意识，平民被资产阶级在政治解放中进行了组织和利用，平民的政治伦理被资产阶级接管并且进一步理论化为更具普遍性的意识形态。在当代资本主义世界体系中，“平民”仍然是能够有效描述流氓无产者或者流氓无产者心态的概念。这一概念不仅比哈特与奈格里的“诸众”更清晰，而且更能够在阶级社会演变的完整线索中找到其内涵演变的历史动力。

 

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' Concept of "Plebeian" And The Dimension of Critique on Political Ethics

Bao Dawei（Zhejiang University）

Abstract   In Marx and Engels' construction of historical materialism, ''plebeian'' is a class category    that spans from ancient society to modern society. In different texts, the concept of the plebeian becomes an important perspective for objectively presenting the evolution of class society and its ideological struggle.  The plebeians were neither peasants nor burghers, but were groups and states of being close to the proletarians in pre-industrial societies. In ancient society, the instinctive resistance of the plebeians, an oppressed class without a complete identity, and their demands for egalitarianism, promoted the political system of ancient society to evolve towards secular politics. In modern society, unorganized and without a uniform class consciousness, the plebeians were mobilized and used by the bourgeoisie in political emancipation, and their political ethics were taken over by the latter and further theorized into a more universal ideology. In the contemporary capitalist world system, plebeian is still a concept which can effectively describe lumpen-proletariat or those with similar mindset, which is not only clearer than the multitude employed by Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, but also more conducive to the internal logic of its characteristic development from the complete threads of the evolution of class society.

Key words plebian; political ethics; egalitarianism; ideology

 

■作者简介 包大为，浙江大学马克思主义学院、马克思主义理论创新与传播研究中心研究员；浙江 杭州 310058。

[PDF]（下载数：）