作　者：马晓见
关键词：魏源；师夷长技以制夷；社会技术化；民主政制；宗教批判；《海国图志》
摘　要：

 “师夷长技以制夷”一语的解释重心不在“坚船利炮”“师夷”或“制夷”，而在义蕴丰厚的“长技”一词。结合对《海国图志》全书的分析，此短语至少有四重义蕴：其一，“师长技”标志着中英长技的相对地位极其不平等；其二，长技的典范是于技术化的英吉利国内处于核心地位的蒸汽机；其三，社会技术化因民主政制而获得更充分发展，而其起步则需要突破宗教的束缚；其四，内蕴机器运动原理的“神天之神”命题，以理论化的形式表达了技术的崇高地位及其对宗教思想的解构。要而言之，此七字短语在魏源的思想里对应两条改制路径：一是效法彼得大帝改革的外缘型社会技术化；二是取法弥利坚国（被魏源理想化的美国） 崛起的内生型社会技术化、民主化。因此，此短语并非如学界长期以来所认为的仅指向“坚船利炮”这样的技术表象，而是既包含复杂的思想层次，又蕴涵深闳的改制理想和改革思路。

 

The Multiple Meanings of ''Advanced Technologies'' in Haiguo Tuzhi And Its Profound Ideal of Reformation

A Reinterpretation of Wei Yuan's ''Learning from the Barbarians Advanced Technologies to Subdue Them''

Ma Xiaojian（Wuhan University）

Abstract Wei Yuan's notion of "learning from the barbarians' advanced technologies to subdue them" encompasses a nuanced exploration beyond mere references to "solid ships and powerful cannons", "learning from the barbarians", or "subduing the barbarians". Instead, the crux lies within the multifaceted concept of "advanced technologies". A scrutiny of Haiguo Tuzhi（The Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms）reveals a spectrum of meanings embedded within the phrase: Firstly, ''learning the advanced technologies'' signifies the extremely unequal status of China and UK in terms of ''advanced technologies''; Secondly, the ''advanced technologies'' is epitomized by steam engine, which occupies a central position within the technological society of England; Thirdly, the technological society flourishes most fully within a democratic political system, and its emergence requires the breakaway from religious constraints; Fourthly, the proposition of “God of Heaven”, which contains the principle of machine movement, articulates the sublime status of technology and its deconstruction of religious thought in a theoretical form. In essence, this phrase encapsulates Wei Yuan's dual paths of reformation: one entails peripheral technological emulation akin to Peter the Great's reforms, while the other advocates for endogenous technological advancement and democratization, drawing inspiration from the idealized model of MiLiJian (the United States as envisioned by Wei Yuan). Thus, far from a mere superficial reference to technical prowess, Wei Yuan's discourse harbors profound layers of thought and visionary ideals for reformation.

Key words Wei Yuan; learning from the barbarians' advanced technologies in order to countervail the barbarians; technological society; democratic political system; religious critique; Haiguo Tuzhi

 

■作者简介 马晓见，武汉大学哲学学院博士后，湖北 武汉 430072。

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