作　者：覃晓洁
关键词：莱纳·弗斯特；哈贝马斯；商谈伦理学；道德基础；基本辩护权利
摘　要：

商谈伦理学是哈贝马斯和阿佩尔共同创立的道德理论，其核心在于强调通过论辩实践中的理性商谈达成道德共识。两者均以语用学方法对论辩实践中隐含的规范性内容进行规范重构，但在如何解释论辩前提理想化预设的地位以及商谈原则的道德内涵上产生了根本分歧。在此思想分歧背景之下，莱纳·弗斯特通过以下创见克服了两位导师思想中的困难：首先，他运用递归重构方法确立了具有实质内涵的辩护原则，通过经验层面的基本辩护权论证了该原则构成个人道德认同的组成部分；其次，他把道德辩护理解为实践理性的一个运用维度，将分析范围限定于道德论辩，以此避免阿佩尔商谈理性泛化的困境；最后，弗斯特将对辩护实践和他人辩护权的道德认知本身确立为动机来源，克服了哈贝马斯在道德动机匮乏方面的问题。然而，在弗斯特结构严密的道德奠基工作中包含着一个困难，即支撑其辩护实践道德基础的道德认知确定性问题仍需进一步探讨。

 

Rainer Forst's Moral Foundation for Discursive Ethics and Forst's Advancement of Habermas and Apel's Discourse Theory

Qin Xiaojie（Chinese Academy of Social Sciences）

Abstract Discourse ethics, a moral theory co-founded by Jürgen Habermas and Karl-Otto Apel, stress‐ es reaching moral consensus through rational discourse in argumentation. They both take a discursive approach to the reconstructing of the implicit normative content in argumentation, while fundamental disagreements arise over how to interpret the status of the idealized presuppositions of argumentation and the moral connotations of the principle of discourse. Against the backdrop of this ideological divergence, Rainer Forst successfully overcomes the difficulties in the thinking of his two mentors by making the following two innovative contributions: firstly, he proposes an empirical moral right to justification as the basis of argumentation practice in order to clarify the moral duty of the arguer engaging in justification practice; secondly, by interpreting moral justification as a dimension of the application of practical reasoning, and limiting the scope of the analysis to moral argumentation, he manages to avoid Apel's dilemma of the overgeneralization of discourse rationality; and lastly, Forst overcomes Habermas's shortcomings in moral motivation by establishing moral cognition of the justificatory practice and others' right to justification as a source of motivation. However, Forst's tightly structured moral grounding work is still flawed: the certainty of moral cognition that under‐ pins the moral foundations of his justification practice remains to be further explored.

Key words Rainer Forst; Jürgen Habermas; discourse ethics; moral foundation; basic rights to justification

 

■    作者简介  覃晓洁，中国社会科学院哲学研究所助理研究员，北京 100732。

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