作　者：胡德坤
关键词：世界反法西斯战争；中国抗日战争；《开罗宣言》；《波茨坦公告》；领土海洋维权
摘　要：

2025 年是中国抗日战争和世界反法西斯战争胜利80 周年。《开罗宣言》和《波茨坦公告》作为战时中、美、英、苏四大盟国共同商定的决议，至今仍具有重大历史意义和现实意义。1943 年11 月下旬中美英三国首脑举行的开罗会议是战时盟国系列首脑峰会的第一次会议，会议通过的《开罗宣言》明确了盟国制止和惩罚日本侵略的目标，剥夺日本殖民扩张所侵占的中国及其他国家的土地，并将其归还相关国家。《开罗宣言》得到了苏联的认可，成为战时盟国的共同决定。1945 年7 月26 日中美英三国颁布的《波茨坦公告》敦促日本无条件投降，并重申将落实开罗会议的相关条款，限定日本领土范围仅限于本州、北海道、九州、四国及盟国所决定的其他小岛。《波茨坦公告》也得到了苏联的认可，成为盟国的另一共同决议。由此，《开罗宣言》和《波茨坦公告》成为战后重建东亚国际秩序的国际规则和国际法准则。而美国主导的《旧金山对日和约》却改变了盟国对东亚各国领土的规定，成为中国与日本钓鱼岛争端、中国台海问题以及中国与南海邻国领土海洋争端的根源。当我们回到《开罗宣言》《波茨坦公告》规定的原点上来考察我国与邻国的领土海洋争端时发现，这两个历史文献既是战后我国收复失地的国际准则和国际法依据，也是当今我国领土海洋维权的锐利武器，具有重大的历史与现实意义。

 

The Significance of the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation for China's Protection of Territorial and Maritime Sovereignty

Hu Dekun（Wuhan University）

Abstract Year 2025 marks the 80th anniversary of the victories in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War. The Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation are resolutions jointly agreed upon and concluded by the four major Allied Powers—China, the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union—during the War, and they continue to hold both historical significance and contemporary relevance. In late November 1943, the leaders of China, the United States and the United Kingdom convened the Cairo Conference, the first of a series of wartime allied summits. The Cairo Declaration, adopted at the conference, articulated that the Allies aimed only to stop and punish Japanese aggression, demanding Japan restitute the territories it had occupied through colonial expansion to China and other relevant nations. The Cairo Declaration, later recognized by the Soviet Union, became a collective decision of the wartime allies. On July 26, 1945, China, the United States and the United Kingdom issued the Potsdam Proclamation, urging Japan's unconditional surrender and reaffirming that the terms of the Cairo Conference shall be implemented. It specified that Japan's territorial boundaries were limited to Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku, and other minor islands as we determine. The Potsdam Proclamation, later joined by the Soviet Union, became another collective decision of the wartime Allies. As a result, the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation became the bedrock of international rules and legal principles governing the postwar reconstruction of the East Asian international order. However, the US-led San Francisco Peace Treaty altered the allies' stipulations regarding the territories of East Asian nations, becoming the root source of territorial and maritime disputes between China and Japan over Diaoyu Islands, China's Taiwan Straits issue, and conflicts over maritime rights in the South China Sea between China and its neigh‐ boring countries. Therefore, when we revisit the original provisions of the Cairo Declaration and the Pots‐ dam Proclamation to examine China's territorial and maritime disputes with its neighbors, we find that these two historical documents not only constitute the international norms and legal basis for postwar China's recovery of lost territories but also serve as potent instruments for defending China's territorial and maritime rights today, carrying profound historical significance and contemporary relevance.

 

Key words World Anti-Fascist War; Chinese War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression; Cairo Declaration; Potsdam Proclamation; territorial and maritime sovereignty

 

■  作者简介  胡德坤，武汉大学人文社会科学资深教授，中国边界与海洋研究院、历史学院教授，湖北 武汉 430072。

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