作　者：秦天宝 段小红
关键词：生态环境损害责任；归责原则；类型化；《民法典》；《生态环境法典》；公私法协同；环境民事公益诉讼；生态环境损害赔偿诉讼
摘　要：

《民法典》规定了生态环境损害责任制度，但其归责原则在无过错责任与过错责任适用上存在学理争议，司法实践亦面临裁判依据适用分歧与裁判逻辑法理分歧等困境。理论与实务的双重抵牾，根源在于责任属性定位模糊、归责原则类型化缺失及公私法协同不足三重缺陷。为此，应基于生态环境损害责任“特殊公法责任”定位，通过类型化方法解构生态环境致损机理，以原因物质危险性为分类标准，构建二元归责体系——低危原因物质造成的一般生态环境损害适用过错责任；高危原因物质造成的特殊生态环境损害适用无过错责任。建议采取公私法协同确认路径，修订司法解释统一裁判规则，在《生态环境法典》中构建归责原则框架，制定《生态环境损害赔偿法》细化归责原则并整理高危名录，实现生态环境损害责任归责原则的科学规范化。

 

The Applicability Dilemmas and Improvement Path of The Liability Attribution Principle for Ecological Damage

Qin Tianbao (Wuhan University) Duan Xiaohong (Hainan University)

Abstract The Civil Code establishes the regime of liability for ecological damage, but there exist aca‐ demic controversies over liability attribution principles regarding the application of strict liability versus fault- based liability, while judicial practice also faces dilemmas involving divergent application of legal bases and inconsistencies in adjudicative reasoning. The divergence between theory and practice stems from three structural deficiencies: ambiguous positioning of liability attributes, the lack of typological classification of liability attribution principles, and insufficient coordination between public and private law. To address these issues, the liability for ecological damage should be positioned as a form of "special public law liability"; by employing typological methods to dissect the mechanisms of ecological damage, a binary liability system can be con‐ structed using the hazardousness the causal substance as the classification criterion: fault-based liability should apply to general ecological damage caused by low-hazard substances, while strict liability should ap‐ ply to special ecological damage caused by high-hazard substances. This paper also recommends a coordinated public-private law approach to confirm liability standards, revising judicial interpretations to unify adjudication standards, constructing a liability attribution framework within the Environmental Code, enacting a dedicated Law on Compensation for Ecological and Environmental Damage to refine the liability attribution principle for ecological damage, and compiling a catalogue of high-hazard substances, so as to achieve the scientific and standardized application of liability attribution principle for ecological damage.

Key words liability for ecological damage; liability attribution principle; typification; Civil Code; Environmental Code; coordination between public law and private law; environmental civil public interest litigation; litigation on compensation for ecological damage

 

■    作者简介 秦天宝，武汉大学环境法研究所南方基地（海南大学生态文明法治研究中心）教授，海南 海口 570228；段小红（通讯作者），海南大学法学院博士研究生。

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